SODIUM PYRUVATE

SODIUM PYRUVATE

CELLULAR, BIOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGY BACKGROUND

Pyruvate and Cancer

Sodium Pyruvate is biochemically classified as an α-ketoacid and is part of the body’s natural endogenous antioxidant defense system. It is secreted by cells, readily enters cells, and can directly react to detoxify detrimental compounds such as H2O2 and peroxynitrites. Sodium Pyruvate has been shown to significantly reduce inflammatory agents in all parts of the human body including the lungs and the nasal cavities. The inflammatory agents being reduced include hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, IL-8, TNF, and other inflammatory cytokines, that are produced by oxygen radicals.

Normal plasma levels of Sodium Pyruvate are approximately 0.1 mM and normal intracellular levels can reach 0.5 mM. Sodium pyruvate has been shown to have protective antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo. There are four major chemical pathways by which sodium pyruvate can either directly or indirectly generate or augment an antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effect:

  1. Hydrogen peroxide. H2O2 is directly toxic to cells and also is a precursor to other reactive oxygen species. Inhibition of H2O2 would have broad antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Sodium pyruvate directly interacts non-enzymatically with H2O2 to generate the non-toxic compounds CO2 and H2O.

 

  1. Peroxynitrites. Compounds referred to as peroxynitrites are produced in the reaction of superoxide anion with NO. The peroxynitrites are known to be more toxic and more active than either superoxide anion or NO alone. They are very toxic and disruptive to cell membranes via lipid peroxidation not only leading to cell death but also dysfunction of many cellular membrane functions, such as transport mechanisms. Sodium Pyruvate directly interacts in a 2nd order chemical reaction with peroxynitrites converting them into non-toxic compounds.

 

  1. NADPH2. An essential component in the reductive activity of thiol compounds like GSH is the generation of NADPH2, which aids in driving the reaction to the reduced state (i.e., GSH), thus replenishing antioxidant activity. Sodium Pyruvate has been shown to play an important role in the generation of intracellular NADPH2 and therefore may help in maintaining optimal levels of thiol compounds, such as GSH.

 

 

  1. Reduction of inflammatory Cytokines. Sodium Pyruvate has been shown to reduce many inflammatory cytokines like Il-6, IL-8 TNF etc. In our own studies with CF patients, EmphyCorp showed a significant reduction of these cytokines in CF patients treated with0.5mM Pyruvate.

Clinically, Sodium Pyruvate has been given to patients for a variety of disorders ranging from Friedreich’s ataxia to open heart operations and including kidney surgery, eye surgery, hyperkeratotic disorders, and treatment of mitochondrial diseases.

It has been administered via several routes including intravenous (10-20 times EmphyCorp’s inhaled therapeutic dose), topical administration for hyperkeratotic disorders (61), and in dietary supplementation. Sodium pyruvate has been shown to protect neurons, lungs, hearts, muscles, cerebral metabolism, embryos, eyes, kidneys, cellular DNA and membranes from oxygen radical damage.

The levels of Sodium Pyruvate employed in these applications are 2-32mM concentrations. In human and animal studies, Sodium Pyruvate was shown to facilitate wound healing, decrease inflammation, and decrease production of oxygen radicals. It is being sold as an OTC product and is being used in the gastrointestinal tract to heal surgical wounds. Sodium Pyruvate or the other a- keto acids are considered “Generally Regarded as Safe” (GRAS) by the FDA

In summary, Sodium Pyruvate is a safe and efficacious antagonist of both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It also has the potential to increase intracellular levels of thiol compounds, major sources of intracellular anti-oxidants. Sodium Pyruvate has been shown to act as an anti-inflammatory agent that can reduce the number of infiltrating neutrophils and levels of oxygen radicals at wound sites, thereby limiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

SODIUM PYRUVATE:

SAFETY

EmphyCorp, Inc. has discovered and patented the use of Sodium Pyruvate as an inhaled natural antioxidant that significantly reduces inflammatory agents throughout the human body including the lungs and nasal cavities. The lung and sinus inflammatory agents that are reduced include oxygen radicals like hydrogen peroxide, and inflammatory cytokines including Interleukin 6 (IL-6). 

Sodium Pyruvate increases nasal nitric oxide needed to kill infections to safely treat sinus infections and symptoms in numerous lung diseases including COVID-19, long COVID and Flu. It acts like a steroid, but is non-toxic, safe and natural. 

As demonstrated in 19 Human FDA Clinicals with thousands of Patients, our Drug Patented N115 Nasal Spray with Sodium Pyruvate was shown to increase all lung functions, SaO2, while also decreasing coughing, hypoxemia and dyspnea.

Pyruvate is a natural antioxidant component of human cells that is critical to human survival. Sodium Pyruvate provides energy to all human cells. 

Sodium Pyruvate has been studied for over 100 years with over 33,000 publications in peer review journals, providing ample data as to its safety and mechanism of actions. Sodium Pyruvate is used in OTC Nasal Products as an antioxidant.

As with many products that contain Sodium Pyruvate (Neosporin, Lubriderm, Vaginal Products, Viva Eye Drops, Ringers Solution, Human IV Solutions, and solutions to store red blood cells by the Red Cross and store human organs for transplant), its main function is as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. 

Sodium Pyruvate is considered GRAS (Generally Regarded as safe) by the FDA and it has been administered to patients for a variety of medical disorders by oral, intravenous, or topical administration and applications including: the treatment of Friedreich’s ataxia, as a constituent in a therapeutic solution used in open heart surgery,  kidney surgery, eye surgery, mitochondrial diseases, as an oral dietary supplement, and as a component in organ transplant media that is being used to preserve human lungs, hearts, and other organs for human transplants.  

In summary the use of our N115 Nasal Spray with inhaled Sodium Pyruvate has been shown to be safe and efficacious in the treatment of Patients with Covid-19 infections, COVID long haulers, Flu, COPD, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary Fibrosis, Allergic Rhinitis, and Patients suffering with Hypoxemia. 


SODIUM PYRUVATE

SODIUM PYRUVATE

CELLULAR, BIOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGY BACKGROUND

Pyruvate and Cancer

Sodium Pyruvate is biochemically classified as an α-ketoacid and is part of the body’s natural endogenous antioxidant defense system. It is secreted by cells, readily enters cells, and can directly react to detoxify detrimental compounds such as H2O2 and peroxynitrites. Sodium Pyruvate has been shown to significantly reduce inflammatory agents in all parts of the human body including the lungs and the nasal cavities. The inflammatory agents being reduced include hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, IL-8, TNF, and other inflammatory cytokines, that are produced by oxygen radicals.

Normal plasma levels of Sodium Pyruvate are approximately 0.1 mM and normal intracellular levels can reach 0.5 mM. Sodium pyruvate has been shown to have protective antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo. There are four major chemical pathways by which sodium pyruvate can either directly or indirectly generate or augment an antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effect:

  1. Hydrogen peroxide. H2O2 is directly toxic to cells and also is a precursor to other reactive oxygen species. Inhibition of H2O2 would have broad antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Sodium pyruvate directly interacts non-enzymatically with H2O2 to generate the non-toxic compounds CO2 and H2O.
  2. Peroxynitrites. Compounds referred to as peroxynitrites are produced in the reaction of superoxide anion with NO. The peroxynitrites are known to be more toxic and more active than either superoxide anion or NO alone. They are very toxic and disruptive to cell membranes via lipid peroxidation not only leading to cell death but also dysfunction of many cellular membrane functions, such as transport mechanisms. Sodium Pyruvate directly interacts in a 2nd order chemical reaction with peroxynitrites converting them into non-toxic compounds.
  3. NADPH2. An essential component in the reductive activity of thiol compounds like GSH is the generation of NADPH2, which aids in driving the reaction to the reduced state (i.e., GSH), thus replenishing antioxidant activity. Sodium Pyruvate has been shown to play an important role in the generation of intracellular NADPH2 and therefore may help in maintaining optimal levels of thiol compounds, such as GSH.
  4. Reduction of inflammatory Cytokines. Sodium Pyruvate has been shown to reduce many inflammatory cytokines like Il-6, IL-8 TNF etc. In our own studies with CF patients, EmphyCorp showed a significant reduction of these cytokines in CF patients treated with0.5mM Pyruvate.

Clinically, Sodium Pyruvate has been given to patients for a variety of disorders ranging from Friedreich’s ataxia to open heart operations and including kidney surgery, eye surgery, hyperkeratotic disorders, and treatment of mitochondrial diseases.

It has been administered via several routes including intravenous (10-20 times EmphyCorp’s inhaled therapeutic dose), topical administration for hyperkeratotic disorders (61), and in dietary supplementation. Sodium pyruvate has been shown to protect neurons, lungs, hearts, muscles, cerebral metabolism, embryos, eyes, kidneys, cellular DNA and membranes from oxygen radical damage.

The levels of Sodium Pyruvate employed in these applications are 2-32mM concentrations. In human and animal studies, Sodium Pyruvate was shown to facilitate wound healing, decrease inflammation, and decrease production of oxygen radicals. It is being sold as an OTC product and is being used in the gastrointestinal tract to heal surgical wounds. Sodium Pyruvate or the other a- keto acids are considered “Generally Regarded as Safe” (GRAS) by the FDA

In summary, Sodium Pyruvate is a safe and efficacious antagonist of both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. It also has the potential to increase intracellular levels of thiol compounds, major sources of intracellular anti-oxidants. Sodium Pyruvate has been shown to act as an anti-inflammatory agent that can reduce the number of infiltrating neutrophils and levels of oxygen radicals at wound sites, thereby limiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

SODIUM PYRUVATE:

SAFETY

EmphyCorp, Inc. has discovered and patented the use of Sodium Pyruvate as an inhaled natural antioxidant that significantly reduces inflammatory agents throughout the human body including the lungs and nasal cavities. The lung and sinus inflammatory agents that are reduced include oxygen radicals like hydrogen peroxide, and inflammatory cytokines including Interleukin 6 (IL-6). 

Sodium Pyruvate increases nasal nitric oxide needed to kill infections to safely treat sinus infections and symptoms in numerous lung diseases including COVID-19, long COVID and Flu. It acts like a steroid, but is non-toxic, safe and natural. 

As demonstrated in 19 Human FDA Clinicals with thousands of Patients, our Drug Patented N115 Nasal Spray with Sodium Pyruvate was shown to increase all lung functions, SaO2, while also decreasing coughing, hypoxemia and dyspnea.

Pyruvate is a natural antioxidant component of human cells that is critical to human survival. Sodium Pyruvate provides energy to all human cells. 

Sodium Pyruvate has been studied for over 100 years with over 33,000 publications in peer review journals, providing ample data as to its safety and mechanism of actions. Sodium Pyruvate is used in OTC Nasal Products as an antioxidant.

As with many products that contain Sodium Pyruvate (Neosporin, Lubriderm, Vaginal Products, Viva Eye Drops, Ringers Solution, Human IV Solutions, and solutions to store red blood cells by the Red Cross and store human organs for transplant), its main function is as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. 

Sodium Pyruvate is considered GRAS (Generally Regarded as safe) by the FDA and it has been administered to patients for a variety of medical disorders by oral, intravenous, or topical administration and applications including: the treatment of Friedreich’s ataxia, as a constituent in a therapeutic solution used in open heart surgery,  kidney surgery, eye surgery, mitochondrial diseases, as an oral dietary supplement, and as a component in organ transplant media that is being used to preserve human lungs, hearts, and other organs for human transplants.  

In summary the use of our N115 Nasal Spray with inhaled Sodium Pyruvate has been shown to be safe and efficacious in the treatment of Patients with Covid-19 infections, COVID long haulers, Flu, COPD, Asthma, Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary Fibrosis, Allergic Rhinitis, and Patients suffering with Hypoxemia. 


REGULATION OF NITRIC OXIDE

REGULATION OF NITRIC OXIDE

Effect of Inhaled Sodium Pyruvate on Regulating Nitric Oxide (NO) in Inflammatory Lung Disease

Nitric oxide (NO) produces clinically useful bronchodilation (1) and is also used by the body to kill bacteria, fungal infections, viral infections, and tumors. The pharmaceutical industry is answering the challenge of the link between inflammation and lung diseases by developing and launching a number of antiinflammatory compounds designed to reduce and manage lung inflammation, or to “up regulate” components of the inflammatory process like NO to fight lung infections and tumors. The currently FDA recognized primary markers for lung disease include oxygen radicals (hydrogen peroxide), NO, histamines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukins and chemokines. The two major antiinflammatory agents used to treat lung inflammation are the corticosteriods and anti-leukotrienes. The corticosteriods reduce lung inflammation by preventing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells into the lungs. The ability of inhaled steroids to reduce lung inflammation can be measured by the decreased levels of the above mentioned inflammatory markers. The problem is that not all patients’ respond, and corticosteriods can have serious toxic side effects. The anti-leukotrienes work by inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes and include the products Singulair,Accolate, and Zyflo. Again their efficacy is limited to about 50% of patients treated, and they do not significantly improve FEV1* values. The ability to up regulate the synthesis of NO is also being developed by many companies that are developing the use of arginine or arginine analogs to fight lung infections and cancers. The problem with inhaled arginine or arginine analogs has been their toxicity.

Thus, the ability of inhaled pyruvate to “up regulate” or down regulate NO levels in lungs and to protect NO from other oxygen radicals, allows NO to deactivate NF-kappa B, which, in turn,will reduce lung NO levels and reduce lung inflammation. In human clinical studies, sodium pyruvate at lower concentrations decreased hydrogen peroxide and NO levels in patients treated by inhalation therapy. Sodium pyruvate inhalation at higher concentrations increased NO levels in expired breaths, of asthmatics and moderate and severe COPD patients, that could be used to treat lung cancers, lung infections, especially in patients with cystic fibrosis. Patients with cystic fibrosis, produce very low levels of NO, that allows viral replication to occur. In HSV-1 infected cells, sodium pyruvate at the higher concentrations, reduced viral loads and in combination with antiviral agents, eliminated the virus completely from the infected cells.

The FDA has determined that N115 has sufficient safety toxicology and clinical data to proceed with the multi-dose, extended use, clinical trials. Phase III/Phase IV studies will focus on Pulmonary Fibrosis, Unmet Needs and COPD patients. On the basis of existing clinical data, EmphyCorp is confident that its Investigative New Drug, N115, can and will be used for maintenance or continuous treatment of patients over extended periods of time. The Company believes that N115 will set the standard in the pharmaceutical industry for the treatment of major pulmonary diseases.


N115 FDA SUBMISSIONS

N115 FDA SUBMISSIONS

Until now the primary treatment for asthmatic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases is the use of corticosteroids (67%). It is well documented that prolonged use of corticosteroids for the treatment of pulmonary diseases has serious side effects, including death. Other marketed drugs for the treatment of pulmonary diseases can produce central nervous system, cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal problems.

FDA Submissions: Clinical Findings for N115

  1. Rat Study: Effect of Intratracheal Injection of a Single Dose of Sodium Pyruvate on the Lungs
  2. Rabbit Study: Effect of a Single Dose and Multiple Doses of Inhaled Sodium Pyruvate on the Lungs
  3. Rat Study: Effect of Multiple Intratracheal Administrations of Sodium Pyruvate on Lung Injury Caused by Bleomycin
  4. Rat Study: Multiple Dose Toxicity Study of Aerosolized Sodium Pyruvate in Sprague-Dawley Rats
  5. Rat Study: 180-Day Nose-Only Inhalation Study of Sodium Pyruvate in Charles River Rats
  6. Rat Study: Sodium Pyruvate: A 90 and 180 Day Nose-Only Inhalation Study in Rats (Study 2). Dosing at 10X the human therapeutic dose
  7.  Two-week Rabbit Inhalation Study – Safety of Repeated Dosing at Different Sodium Pyruvate Concentrations. Maximum tolerated dosing at 200X the human therapeutic dose

Human Clinical Studies

In all clinical studies, the inhalation of sodium pyruvate demonstrated clinically significant improvements in all lung functions parameters including FEV-1, PEF, SaO2 levels FEV-1/FVC ratios and clinically significant reductions in inflammatory cytokines, and hydrogen peroxide.

  1. Inhaled Sodium Pyruvate for the Treatment of Bronchial Asthma/COPD, a Phase I/II Study.(John Votto, D.O., and Roger Thrall, Ph.D., Hospital for Special Care and the University of Connecticut Health Center)
  2. Sodium Pyruvate/Nitric Oxide Pilot Study in Subjects with Lung Disease (John Votto, D.O., and Roger Thrall, Ph.D., Hospital for Special Care and the University of Connecticut Health Center) 
  3. Inhaled Sodium Pyruvate-SaO2 Pilot Study in Subjects with Lung Disease. Final Report for COPD Subjects (John Votto, M.D., Hospital for Special Care and the University of Connecticut)
  4. Long-Term Use of Inhaled Sodium Pyruvate for the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. This was a two-center study. (John Votto, M.D., Hospital for Special Care and the University of Connecticut Health Center, and Roger S. Thrall, Ph.D. Hospital for Special Care, and Geoffrey Chupp, MD, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut.13 
  5. Use of Inhaled Sodium Pyruvate for the Treatment of Subjects with Cystic Fibrosis (Carlos Milla, M.D. The Minnesota Cystic Fibrosis Center. University of Minnesota Medical School. Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.)1415   
  6. Sodium Pyruvate Bronchodilation in Asthmatics (Donald Tashkin, M.D. David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095)161718 
  7. A Phase 1 Pilot Study on the Effect of Inhaled Sodium Pyruvate in Subjects with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. (A non-IND study) Francisco Flores Murrieta, MD, and Héctor Léon Molina, MD. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorios, Mexico City, Mexico
  8. Open Label, Three-Week Study on the Effects of the Addition of Sodium Pyruvate Inhalation Therapy to Standard Treatment in Patients with Pulmonary Fibrosis. (Mario Hernandez, M.D., Manuel Lam, M.D., Omar Lopez, R.N. Nova Research Institute, Miami, Florida 33125)
  9. Results of an Open Label Study on the Acute Effects of Three Days A Administration of Sodium Pyruvate Nasal Spray Inhalation Drug on Patients with Pulmonary Fibrosis. (Mario Hernandez, M.D., Manuel Lam, M.D., Omar Lopez, R.N. Nova Research Institute, Miami, Florida 33125)
  10. The Effect of Sodium Pyruvate in COVID-19 Long Haulers. In a Phase III Clinical Trial in Miami with COVID-19 Long Haulers, N115 produced statistical and clinically significant reductions in coughing/ sneezing, headaches, body aches, and decreased hypoxemia, while increasing Sa02 levels, and improving breathing. 
  11. Sodium Pyruvate Treatment of COVID-19 and Influenza Infections. A Phase III Clinical Trial in Miami, with active COVID-19 infected patients treated with N115, produced statistical and clinically significant reductions in viral titers from over 100,000 viruses to under 9,000 by day 6.4 days vs saline at 7.7 days vs untreated controls at 10.4 days which means N115 can help prevent the spread of COVID-19. The N115 nasal spray was also statistically and clinically effective in reducing the symptoms in COVID-19 infected patients, Coughing / sneezing, fatigue, and hypoxemia.

Sodium Pyruvate Nasal Spray Studies: Safety and Efficacy Data submitted to the FDA

Clinical Trial 1:  Twenty-four subjects.  All subjects completed the study, and none opted to return to their normal nasal spray therapy during this period. The data obtained from the rhinoscopic examinations indicated that the Sodium Pyruvate Nasal Spray did not induce dermal irritation and was effective in significantly (p=0.006) reducing the erythema in subjects who normally use either saline or non-saline nasal sprays like steroids, when pre-test ratings were compared to post-test ratings.

Clinical Trial 2: Thirty-nine subjects who were regular nasal spray users due to chronic sinusitis or allergic rhinitis were recruited for this one-week open label, in home-use trial. Thirty-eight subjects completed the study. The data obtained from the rhinoscopic examinations indicated that Sodium Pyruvate Nasal Spray did not induce dermal irritation and was effective in reducing the erythema in subjects who normally use either saline or non-saline nasal sprays when pre-test ratings were compared to post-test ratings.

Clinical Trial 3: Fourteen-Day In-Use Evaluation of Nasal Sprays Containing Sodium Pyruvate and Reduced Steroids.  “Reduced-Strength Flonase®” and “Reduced-Strength Nasacort®” Test Product nasal sprays with sodium pyruvate were found to be as effective as the “full-strength” (i.e. commercial) Flonase® and more effective than the commercial Nasacort® when the reduced commercial “active ingredients” were delivered to the subjects.

Clinical Trial 4: Fifty-three subjects. Treatment Effect of Sodium Pyruvate Nasal Saline Spray on Allergic Rhinitis. Randomized Placebo controlled study.  Results Sodium Pyruvate Nasal Spray was effective in attenuating rhino conjunctivitis symptoms and reducing rescue medications use in allergic rhinitis patients.

Clinical Trial 5: One hundred and thirty subjects. Blinded saline placebo controlled nasal spray study against a Sodium Pyruvate formulation in Allergic Rhinitis patients.  Results: The Sodium Pyruvate formulation was clinically and statistically superior to saline in reducing nasal inflammation and congestion.

Clinical Trial 6:  Sixty subjects. Random and positive controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Sodium Pyruvate Nasal Spray in the treatment of Chronic Rhinitis (allergic and non-allergic) Results: The use of a Sodium Pyruvate Nasal Spray was safe and effective and clinically superior to saline in reducing nasal symptoms in these patients.

Clinical study 7: Seventy-seven subjects. Research on the efficacy of Sodium Pyruvate Nasal Spray to treat mild to moderate Allergic Rhinitis. Results: Sodium Pyruvate Nasal Spray, as a non-drug treatment, can effectively improve the symptoms of mild to moderate AR.

Clinical Trial 8:  Human Mucociliary clearance time (MCT) studies.  Several studies have shown the effect of nasal saline on MCT. Our investigators have found isotonic saline sped clearance time by 2%, while the Sodium Pyruvate Nasal formula sped clearance by 17% 10-20 minutes after treatment in 32 adults.

Summary

In all patients tested, (92%) of these patients stated that the Sodium Pyruvate Nasal Spray opened their nasal passages and cleared their congestion for over 12 hours. In each study the Sodium Pyruvate Nasal Sprays were objectively and subjectively judged to be “Comparable To” or “Better Than” both Saline or Steroid-based commercial nasal sprays. To date millions of Patients have inhaled Sodium Pyruvate with no adverse events reported. 

Evaluation of the Sodium Pyruvate Formulation to Deliver Other Drugs

Nicotine Inhalation with Pyruvate in the Sinuses or Lungs. We placed nicotine into a modified pyruvate nasal solution and discovered that inhaled nicotine (nasal or lungs) was well tolerated over nicotine by itself, which was irritating. 

The combination was synergistic. Forty Smokers who used this formula rated the Pyruvate nicotine formula much higher than nicotine by itself. 

The 20mM Pyruvate solution in combination with nicotine balanced the negative effect of nicotine and enhanced the effect of nicotine.

Insulin inhalation with Pyruvate in the Sinuses or Lungs. The addition of Pyruvate enhanced insulin uptake for patients that have Diabetes with Pulmonary Lung or Sinus Diseases.  The 20mM Pyruvate solution in combination with insulin balanced the negative effect of insulin and enhanced the effect of insulin.